Products related to Combustion:
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Cleaner Combustion
This overview compiles the on-going research in Europe to enlarge and deepen the understanding of the reaction mechanisms and pathways associated with the combustion of an increased range of fuels. Focus is given to the formation of a large number of hazardous minor pollutants and the inability of current combustion models to predict the formation of minor products such as alkenes, dienes, aromatics, aldehydes and soot nano-particles which have a deleterious impact on both the environment and on human health. Cleaner Combustion describes, at a fundamental level, the reactive chemistry of minor pollutants within extensively validated detailed mechanisms for traditional fuels, but also innovative surrogates, describing the complex chemistry of new environmentally important bio-fuels. Divided into five sections, a broad yet detailed coverage of related research is provided. Beginning with the development of detailed kinetic mechanisms, chapters go on to explore techniques to obtain reliable experimental data, soot and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, mechanism reduction and uncertainty analysis, and elementary reactions. This comprehensive coverage of current research provides a solid foundation for researchers, managers, policy makers and industry operators working in or developing this innovative and globally relevant field.
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Nanoparticle Emissions From Combustion Engines
This book focuses on particulate matter emissions produced by vehicles with combustion engines. It describes the physicochemical properties of the particulate matter, the mechanisms of its formation and its environmental impacts (including those on human beings). It discusses methods for measuring particulate mass and number, including the state-of-the-art in Portable Emission Measurement System (PEMS) equipment for measuring the exhaust emissions of both light and heavy-duty vehicles and buses under actual operating conditions. The book presents the authors’ latest investigations into the relations between particulate emission (mass and number) and engine operating parameters, as well as their new findings obtained through road tests performed on various types of vehicles, including those using diesel particulate filter regeneration. The book, which addresses the needs of academics and professionals alike, also discusses relevant European regulations on particulate emissions and highlights selected methods aimed at the reduction of particulate emissions from automobiles.
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Oxyfuel Combustion for Clean Energy Applications
This book aims to be the reference book in the area of oxyfuel combustion, covering the fundamentals, design considerations and current challenges in the field. Its first part provides an overview of the greenhouse gas emission problem and the current carbon capture and sequestration technologies. The second part introduces oxy-fuel combustion technologies with emphasis on system efficiency, combustion and emission characteristics, applications and related challenges. The third part focuses on the recent developments in ion transport membranes and their performance in both oxygen separation units and oxygen transport reactors (OTRs). The fourth part presents novel approaches for clean combustion in gas turbines and boilers. Computational modelling and optimization of combustion in gas turbine combustors and boiler furnaces are presented in the fifth part with some numerical results and detailed analyses.
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Negotiating Identity in Modern Foreign Language Teaching
This edited book examines modern foreign language teachers who research their own and others’ experiences of identity construction in the context of living and teaching in UK institutions, primarily in the Higher Education sector. The book offers an insight into a key element of the educational and socio-political debate surrounding MFL in the UK: the teachers’ voices and their sense of agency in constructing their professional identities. The contributors use a combination of empirical research and personal reflection to generate knowledge about MFL teachers’ identity that can enhance how they are perceived in the social and educational establishments and raise awareness of key issues affecting the profession. This book will be of particular interest to language teachers, teacher trainers, applied linguists and students and scholars of modern foreign languages.
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What is combustion?
Combustion is a chemical reaction that occurs when a substance reacts with oxygen to produce heat and light. This reaction typically involves the rapid oxidation of a fuel source, such as wood, gasoline, or natural gas. Combustion is a key process in many everyday activities, such as burning fuel for transportation, heating homes, and cooking food. It is also a major source of energy production in power plants and engines.
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What is the difference between combustion energy and combustion enthalpy?
Combustion energy refers to the total energy released during a combustion reaction, including both the heat and light energy. It is the total amount of energy released when a substance undergoes combustion. On the other hand, combustion enthalpy refers to the heat energy released during a combustion reaction at constant pressure. It is the heat change that occurs during the combustion process. In summary, combustion energy includes all forms of energy released during combustion, while combustion enthalpy specifically refers to the heat energy released at constant pressure.
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What is produced during the combustion of a combustion engine?
During the combustion of a combustion engine, the primary products produced are carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O). Additionally, small amounts of other gases such as carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and unburned hydrocarbons may also be produced. These emissions contribute to air pollution and have environmental impacts. Efforts are being made to reduce these emissions through the use of cleaner fuels and more efficient engine designs.
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What is the difference between complete combustion and incomplete combustion?
Complete combustion occurs when a fuel burns in the presence of sufficient oxygen, resulting in the production of carbon dioxide and water as the only byproducts. In contrast, incomplete combustion happens when there is insufficient oxygen present during the burning process, leading to the formation of carbon monoxide, carbon particles, and other harmful pollutants in addition to carbon dioxide and water. Complete combustion is more efficient and cleaner, while incomplete combustion is less efficient and produces more pollutants.
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Power in Language, Culture, Literature and Education
In one of the contributions to this edited volume an interviewee argues that "English is power". For researchers in the field of English Studies this raises the questions of where the power of English resides and which types and practices of power are implied in the uses of English. Linguists, scholars of literature and culture, and language educators address aspects of these questions in a wide range of contributions. The book shows that the power of English can oscillate between empowerment and subjection, on the one hand enabling humans to develop manifold capabilities and on the other constraining their scope of action and reflection. In this edited volume, a case is made for self-critical English Studies to be dialogic, empowering and power-critical in approach.
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Delivering Citizenship
The 21st century promises to be an "Age of Mobility." More people around the globe, from an ever greater variety of backgrounds, are migrating. As Europe and North America absorb larger and more diverse inflows, many policymakers, commentators, and academics are questioning whether their societies can cope with the influx. Citizenship has emerged as one of the key policy battlegrounds for such concerns. Citizenship lies at the nexus of a host of social policy issues because it provides definitions of identity, belonging, and participation in key aspects of society, including the right to vote. Governments recognize the urgent need to understand citizenship better. Once a narrow, somewhat static legal backwater, citizenship has become a dynamic policy vehicle for promoting the political incorporation of immigrants and, by extension, their more complete integration. This book is the first major product of the Transatlantic Council on Migration. It offers insights into key aspects of the citizenship debate from a policy perspective. It is a result of the deliberations and thinking of the Transatlantic Council on Migration, which brings together leading political figures, policymakers and innovative thinkers from the USA and Europe. The Council is a new initiative of the Migration Policy Institute (MPI) in Washington, DC. The Bertelsmann Stiftung and the European Policy Centre (in cooperation with the King Baudouin Foundation) are the Council's policy partners.
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Re-energizing Citizenship
Re-energizing Citizenship examines the dual character of civil society. The book provides a critical examination of attempts to re-energize citizenship in a range of contexts and offers insights into what works.
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Popular Culture and Political Identity in the Arab Gulf States
As the Gulf assumes an ever more important identity in the global political economy, we see the emergence of a new popular and political culture underpinning its increasingly self-confident national identities. This volume explores the new dynamism of the Gulf, reflected not just in high-rise buildings and booming stock markets, but also manifested in the realms of art, ideas and expression, and their relationships with political authority. Contributors include figures instrumental to the emergence of these new identities, including artists, broadcasters and cultural commentators.
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What is spontaneous combustion?
Spontaneous combustion is a phenomenon where a material self-ignites without an external heat source. This can occur when certain materials reach a critical temperature and combine with oxygen in the air, causing them to ignite. Common examples of materials that can undergo spontaneous combustion include oily rags, hay, and coal dust. Spontaneous combustion can be dangerous as it can lead to fires without any obvious ignition source.
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'Hybrid or combustion engine?'
When deciding between a hybrid or combustion engine, it ultimately depends on your priorities and driving habits. Hybrid engines are more fuel-efficient and environmentally friendly, making them a good choice for city driving and stop-and-go traffic. On the other hand, combustion engines are typically more powerful and better suited for long-distance driving or towing heavy loads. Consider factors such as your daily commute, budget, and environmental concerns when choosing between the two.
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Electric or combustion engine?
The choice between an electric or combustion engine depends on various factors such as environmental impact, cost, and convenience. Electric engines are more environmentally friendly and have lower operating costs, but they may have limited range and longer refueling times. On the other hand, combustion engines have a longer range and quicker refueling times, but they produce more emissions and have higher operating costs. Ultimately, the decision between the two depends on individual needs and priorities.
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How can one detect the combustion products during the combustion of isooctane?
One can detect the combustion products during the combustion of isooctane by using techniques such as gas chromatography or mass spectrometry. These methods can analyze the composition of the gases produced during combustion and identify the specific combustion products. Additionally, techniques like infrared spectroscopy can be used to detect certain molecules based on their unique absorption spectra. By utilizing these analytical techniques, researchers can accurately identify and quantify the combustion products of isooctane.
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